Can the Creative Industries Cater for Women? Female Graduates and Gender Boundaries: A Bourdieusian Approach

Authors

  • Natalie Jane Cox University of East Anglia

Abstract

This research project examines the gender boundaries perceived by five female graduates currently working in the creative industries. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews, and thematically analysed using the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu. Five significant trends appeared in the data: (1) male dominated offices and the sexual division of labour; (2) the importance of social capital and negative networking encounters; (3) females experiencing confidence issues; (4) negative perception of the gender pay gap; and (5) the need for more female role models. This project argues that the interviewee’s negative experiences are internalised and the gendered social order is anchored in the habitus of both males and females, to maintain the position of the dominant in the creative industries. 

References

Allen, K. (2016) ‘Gender pay gap: women earn £300,000 less than men over working life’, The Guardian, [Online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/mar/07/gender-pay-gap-uk-women-earn-300000-less-men-lifetime (Accessed: 1st March 2016).

Ashall, W. (2004) 'Masculine Domination: Investing in Gender?', Studies in Social and Political Thought, 9, p.21-39.

BBC. (2015a) ‘How equal are you?’ [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-308717 (Accessed:1st March 2016).

BBC. (2015b) ‘David Cameron sets out plans to tackle gender pay’ [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33515629 (Accessed: 1st March 2016).

Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline Of A Theory Of Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bourdieu, P. (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique Of The Judgement Of Taste, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Bourdieu, P. (2001) Masculine Domination, Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

Bourdieu, P., and Wacquant, L. (1992) An Invitation To Reflexive Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2015) Business Research Methods, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Cockburn, C. (1991) In The Way Of Women: Men's Resistance To Sex Equality In Organizations. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Cohen, L., Broschak, J., and Haveman, H. (1998) ‘And Then There were More? The Effect of Organizational Sex Composition on the Hiring and Promotion of Managers’ American Sociological Review, 63(5) pp. 711-727. (Accessed: 1st April 2016).

Correll, SJ. (2004) 'Constraints into Preferences: Gender, Status, and Emerging Career Aspirations', American Sociological Review, 1, p. 93.

Corsun, D., and Costen, W. (2001) 'Is the glass ceiling unbreakable? Habitus, fields, and the stalling of women and minorities in management', Journal Of Management Inquiry, 10 (1), pp. 16-25. (Accessed: 16th November 2015).

DCMS. (2015) ‘Creative Industries Economic Estimates - January 2015’ [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/394668/Creative_Industries_Economic_Estimates_-_January_2015.pdf (Accessed: 1st March 2016).

Dumais, SA. (2002) 'Cultural Capital, Gender, and School Success: The Role of Habitus', Sociology of Education, 1, p. 44. (Accessed: 20th April 2016).

EC. (2014) ‘Tackling the gender pay gap in the European Union’ [Online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/gender_pay_gap/140319_gpg_en.pdf (Accessed: 3rd March 2016).

Futuretrack. (2012) ‘Futuretrack Stage 4: transitions into employment, further study and other outcomes’ [Online] Available at: http://www.hecsu.ac.uk/assets/assets/documents/Futuretrack_Stage_4_Final_report_6th_Nov_2012.pdf (Accessed: 1st December 2015).

Gov. (2001) ‘Creative Industries Mapping Documents 2001’ [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/183544/2001part1-foreword2001.pdf (Accessed: 1st March 2016).

Gov. (2010) ‘Equality Act 2010’ [Online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/pdfs/ukpga_20100015_en.pdf (Accessed: 2nd March 2016).

Grenfell, M. (2012) Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts, Durham: Acumen.

Holgate, J. (2006) ‘Making the Transition from College to Work: Experiences of Media, Film and Television Students, and Recent Graduates in London’s Audio Visual Industries’, Working Lives Research Institute, pp. 4-29.

Huppatz, K. (2012) Gender Capital at Work: Intersections of Femininity, Masculinity, Class and Occupation, Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke.

Hofbauer, J., Striedinger, A., Kreissl, K., and Sauer, Birgit. (2015) Of Trump Cards and Game Moves: Positioning Gender Equality as an Element of Power Struggles in Universities, in: Tatli, A and Özbilgin,

M, Pierre Bourdieu, Organization, and Management, Abingdon: Routledge.

Karacam, MS., and Koca, C. (2015) Strategies of Women Managers in Sport Organisations: A Way of Subversion or Reproduction of the Existing Gendered Field?, in: Tatli, A., Özbilgin, M., and Karatas-Ozkan, M. Pierre Bourdieu, Organisation, and Management; Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 207-226.

Krais, B., and William, J. (2000) 'The Gender Relationship in Bourdieu's Sociology', SubStance, 3, p.53, JSTOR Journals. (Accessed: 1st March 2016).

Laberge, S. (1995), 'Toward an Integration of Gender Into Bourdieu's Concept of Cultural Capital', Sociology Of Sport Journal, 12(2), pp. 132-146. (Accessed: 7th March 2016).

Lawrence, J. (2015) ‘Jennifer Lawrence: "Why Do I Make Less Than My Male Co-stars?"’, Lenny Letter, [Online] Available at: http://www.lennyletter.com/work/a147/jennifer-lawrence-why-do-i-make-less-than-my-male-costars/ (Accessed: 1st February 2016).

Lovell, T. (2000) 'Thinking feminism with and against Bourdieu', Feminist Theory, 1(1), pp. 11-32. (Accessed: 9 March 2016).

Matthews, B., and Ross, L. (2010) Research Methods: A Practical Guide For The Social Sciences, New York, NY: Pearson Longman.

McCall, L. (1992) 'Does gender fit? Bourdieu, feminism, and conceptions of social order', Theory And Society, 21(6), p. 837-867. (Accessed: 15th November 2015).

McLeod, J. (2005) 'Feminists Re-Reading Bourdieu: Old Debates and New Questions about Gender Habitus and Gender Change', Theory And Research In Education, 3(1), pp. 11-30.

McNay, L. (1999) Gender, Habitus and the Field Pierre Bourdieu and the Limits of Reflexivity, Theory, Culture and Society, 16 (1) , pp. 95-117.

Mickelson, RA. (2003) 'Gender, Bourdieu, and the Anomaly of Women's Achievement Redux', Sociology of Education, 4, p. 373-75. (Accessed 15th November 2015).

Miller, D. (2014) 'Symbolic Capital and Gender: Evidence from Two Cultural Fields', Cultural Sociology, 8(4), pp. 462-482. (Accessed: 8th March 2016).

Moi, T. (1991) “Appropriating Bourdieu: Feminist Theory and Pierre Bourdieu's Sociology of Culture”. New Literary History 22 (4), pp.1017–49. (Accessed: 1st March 2016).

Mother. (2013) ‘IPA and D&AD back Mother's equal pay campaign’ [Online] Available at: http://www.motherlondon.com/culture/post/126 (Accessed: 2nd January 2016).

Needham, A. (2013) ‘Sony Email Hack’, The Guardian. [Online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/dec/12/sony-email-hack-jennifer-lawrence-paid-less-american-hustle. (Accessed: 20th April 2016).

Neuman, WL. (2014) Social Research Methods. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Harlow, Essex: Pearson.

Oakley, A. (1974) The Sociology Of Housework, London: Robertson.

Oakley, A. (1990) Housewife, London: Penguin.

Skeggs, B. (2004) 'Context and Background: Pierre Bourdieu's analysis of class, gender and sexuality', Sociological Review, 52, p.19, EBSCOhost. (Accessed: 9 March 2016).

Streisand, B. (2016) The Sexism in American Politics, The Huffington Post, [Online] Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barbra-streisand/sexism-american-politics_b_9548016.html (Accessed: 1st April 2016).

Swartz, D. (1997) Culture & Power: The Sociology Of Pierre Bourdieu, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Townley, B. (2015) ‘Exploring Different Forms of Capitals: Researching Capitals in the Field of Cultural and Creative Industries’, in Tatli, A., Ozbilgin, M., and Karatas-Ozkan, M. (eds.) Pierre Bourdieu, Organisation, and Management; Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 187-206.

Tracy, S. (2013) Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact, Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

UCAS. (2015a) ‘UK application rates by country, region, constituency, sex, age and background’ [Online] Available at: https://www.ucas.com/sites/default/files/january_application_rates_2015_final_0.pdf (Accessed: 1st March 2016).

UCAS. (2015b) ‘End of Cycle 2015 Data Resources’ [Online] Available at: http://ow.ly/ZNJY8 (Accessed: 22nd December 2016).

Vanderstoep, S. and Johnston, D. (2009) Research Methods For Everyday Life: Blending Qualitative And Quantitative Approaches, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Vincent, A. (2014) 'How feminism conquered pop culture', The Telegraph. [Online] Available from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/11310119/feminismpop-culture-2014.html (Accessed: 22nd January 2016).

Walliman, N. (2011) Research Methods. The Basics, London; New York: Routledge.

Published

2016-12-05

Issue

Section

Articles